CBD (cannabidiol) is a natural compound found in the cannabis plant, known for its beneficial effects without any psychotropic properties.
If you're reading this article, chances are you're curious to know more about how hemp extract can help you feel better and how taking CBD could support you in dealing with a particular issue you're facing. Before delving into its effects, it’s important to understand what CBD is. CBD is one of the most abundant cannabinoids in the Cannabis Sativa plant, which belongs to the Cannabaceae family — commonly known as hemp or marijuana.
Keep reading, because this article provides an in-depth explanation of CBD, focusing on its function, how it interacts with the body, and the benefits and potential side effects of cannabidiol. This will equip you with as much useful information as possible, to help you decide if CBD is right for you.
How CBD works: focus on the mechanism of action
How can CBD help us restore well-being? Its benefits stem from how our body processes the active ingredient found in medical hemp, i.e. via the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Much like the nervous, immune, or endocrine systems, with which it often interacts as a modulator, the ECS is one of the body’s main biological systems.
The ECS plays a key role in regulating a wide range of physiological and cognitive processes, such as appetite, pain sensation, pleasure, mood and sleep. It consists of three main elements:
- Cannabinoids, which may be:
- Endocannabinoids: naturally produced by the body, such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide, derived from arachidonic acid and capable of activating specific receptors.
- Phytocannabinoids: external cannabinoids found in plants, especially cannabis.
Two of the most well-known cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).
- Cannabinoid receptors – These are essential for signal transmission and are found throughout the body. The main types are:
- CB1 receptors, found mainly in the brain, but also in the liver, heart, eyes and intestines, where they regulate mood, memory, appetite and metabolism.
- CB2 receptors, primarily located on immune cells and involved in anti-inflammatory responses.
Although CBD doesn’t bind directly to these receptors, it modulates their function, for example by supporting ECS balance and helping inhibit inflammation and pain through CB2.
- Enzymes – Proteins that enable communication between cannabinoids and receptors.
Unlike THC, CBD is non-psychotropic. It doesn't act on a specific pathology but rather acts as a regulator of the endocannabinoid system. In the event of an imbalance, CBD aids cellular communication repair via the ECS, maintaining homeostasis.
Essentially, CBD can modulate existing bodily mechanisms. When a disruption occurs in the ECS — caused by disease or trauma — cannabidiol helps restore the body’s original equilibrium by acting on the immune system or modulating inflammatory processes.
Physical effects of CBD
Numerous scientific studies have shown that CBD may positively influence many aspects of human physiology. By acting through the ECS, CBD demonstrates a potential modulatory effect on conditions such as pain, inflammation, anxiety and stress.
Positive effects of CBD on pain and inflammation
Cannabidiol is attracting growing interest for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. By interacting indirectly with the ECS and other receptors such as CB2, TRPV1 and 5-HT1A, CBD helps regulate pain perception and inflammation, without any psychoactive effects.
- A systematic review from 2024 published on PubMed analysed 40 studies and confirmed CBD’s potential in pain management. Its analgesic effects are linked to its ability to influence nociceptive pathways, reducing pain sensitivity in various clinical contexts.
- With regard to inflammation, a 2020 study in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences showed that CBD may reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, and support the management of chronic inflammation.
These findings suggest that CBD could be a well-tolerated, natural option for managing pain and inflammatory conditions, though further clinical research is needed to confirm its efficacy on a larger scale.
Some existing products can already provide such support. For example, Eusphera's EU4Dol Plus Capsules and EU4Dol Plus Soothing Gel, offering two different administration routes with the same aim: to aid joint health.
Effects of cannabidiol on the skin and musculoskeletal system
CBD is gaining attention for the tangible benefits it may offer the body, from the skin to the musculoskeletal system. Scientific evidence suggests it acts as a natural regulator of inflammatory and oxidative processes, alterations in which can impact tissue health.
- A study published in Clinical Therapeutics demonstrated that topical CBD ointment significantly improved skin quality in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, reducing inflammation and restoring hydration and elasticity, with no significant side effects.
- Benefits aren’t only skin-deep, however. A randomised controlled trial revealed that CBD can reduce markers of muscle damage and accelerate recovery after intense exercise, promoting faster regeneration of muscle tissue.
CBD is thus proving to be a valuable ally for those seeking a natural approach to physical wellness, acting both in depth and on the surface, and research is just beginning to uncover its full potential.
Effects of CBD on the peripheral nervous system
Emerging evidence confirms that CBD also acts on the peripheral nervous system, directly affecting peripheral nerves responsible for sensations such as pain, itching or numbness.
- CBD appears to modulate ion channel activity and pain-related receptors, helping normalise neuronal excitability and nociceptive signals.
- Preclinical studies also suggest that CBD inhibits inflammation of the spinal ganglia and promotes a balanced neurotransmitter environment, while acting as an antioxidant.
This dual mechanism — direct on the nerve and indirect via anti-inflammatory effects — makes CBD a promising aid for neuropathic conditions, such as diabetic neuropathy or post-chemotherapy nerve damage.
Despite promising results, broader clinical studies are still needed to define optimal treatment protocols.
Psychological and neurological effects of CBD
In addition to its physical benefits, CBD is also proving useful for mental well-being. Clinical studies suggest that cannabidiol may help alleviate insomnia, anxiety, depression and stress by modulating the central nervous system and restoring neurochemical balance.
Effects of CBD on anxiety and stress
CBD is emerging as an interesting option for mental health support, in particular for anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms.
- A 2022 observational study published on PubMed evaluated the effects of a sublingual CBD solution (9.97 mg/mL) taken up to three times daily over four weeks by adults with moderate anxiety symptoms. Results were encouraging, with participants reporting significant improvements in anxiety levels, sleep quality, mood and general well-being, with minimal side effects and good treatment tolerance.
These findings suggest that CBD, via the endocannabinoid system and serotonin receptor modulation, could represent a natural alternative or supplement to traditional anxiety and stress treatments.
While this was an uncontrolled observational study, the data offer a solid foundation for future research, reinforcing interest in CBD as a tool for emotional balance.
Effects of CBD on sleep
CBD also proves helpful in managing sleep disorders, thanks to its ability to affect the endocannabinoid system, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It can:
- improve sleep quality
- reduce the time required to fall asleep
- extend overall sleep duration
By also reducing anxiety and stress, which are common causes of insomnia, CBD creates the right conditions for deeper, more restorative sleep.
Cannabidiol is also thought to modulate specific brain receptors that regulate circadian rhythm, helping re-establish a healthy sleep pattern.
While further studies are needed to define ideal usage protocols, CBD-based products offer a promising natural alternative for sleep support. An example is Eu4Sleep, Eusphera’s natural sleep supplement made with GABA, valerian and melatonin.
Neuroprotective and cognitive effects
CBD is attracting significant interest for its potential neuroprotective and cognitive benefits, particularly in the context of ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.
- A study published in 2023 in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience investigated the effects of cannabidiol in elderly animal models. Researchers found that CBD significantly reduced brain inflammation, a key factor in age-related cognitive decline and conditions such as Alzheimer’s. It also improved cognitive functions such as memory and learning, suggesting direct protection of nerve cells from oxidative and inflammatory damage.
These findings indicate that CBD can modulate neuroinflammatory and oxidative processes, helping preserve neuronal integrity and improve cognitive abilities. Although the study was conducted on animals, it paves the way for further clinical research in humans, aiming to explore CBD’s therapeutic potential in slowing cognitive decline and improving the quality of life in elderly individuals or patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
Possible side effects of CBD
Let’s start by clarifying that CBD is not psychotropic: it doesn’t cause a “high” and is not addictive. Still, you may be wondering if CBD has any side effects or contraindications. While generally well-tolerated, some side effects can occur:
- Dry mouth. CBD may affect salivary glands, causing mild, temporary dryness that can easily be managed by staying hydrated.
- Changes in appetite. Because appetite is closely linked to mood, on which CBD has a regulatory effect, some people may notice either an increase or decrease in hunger. Adjusting the dosage usually resolves this.
- Slight drop in blood pressure. CBD can have hypotensive effects, which may benefit people with high blood pressure. Others should consult a doctor before starting CBD.
- Dizziness. This can often be avoided by starting with low doses and increasing gradually.
- Tiredness. Due to its calming properties, some people may feel drowsy. A lower dose can usually resolve this issue.
- Diarrhoea. Often related more to the carrier oil (e.g. hemp seed oil, olive oil, MCT) than the CBD itself. Switching to a different formulation can help.
- Skin redness. With topical use, some users may experience localised irritation. It’s best to test the product on a small area first.
These side effects are mild and non-permanent, and typically disappear once CBD use is stopped.
It’s always advisable to consult a healthcare professional, especially if you’re taking other medications, to avoid potential interactions. Like other natural substances (e.g. St. John’s Wort), CBD can interact with drugs metabolised in the liver, such as:
- Anticoagulants (e.g. Warfarin): may increase bleeding risk.
- Antiepileptic drugs (e.g. Clobazam, Valproate): may alter levels in the blood.
- Thyroid medication (e.g. Levothyroxine): may affect required dosage.
- Benzodiazepines (e.g. Diazepam): may increase sedation.
- SSRIs (e.g. Fluoxetine): metabolism may be affected, altering efficacy.
- Immunosuppressants (e.g. Cyclosporine): may affect levels in plasma.
- Statins (e.g. Atorvastatin): slower metabolism may increase side effects.
- Antihistamines (e.g. Loratadine): possible central nervous system interactions.
Factors that influence the intensity and duration of the effects of CBD
The effects of CBD can vary significantly depending on several personal and product-related factors. Understanding these variables can help maximise the benefits:
Methods of administration
The way CBD is taken has a major impact on how quickly and how long it works:
- Sublingual (under the tongue): rapid absorption directly into the bloodstream, with effects in 15–30 minutes.
- Oral (capsules, tablets): slower onset (1–2 hours), longer duration due to digestive processing.
- Topical (creams, gels): acts locally on skin or joints, with no systemic effects.
Dosage
The amount of CBD you take is a major factor in its effectiveness. Higher doses generally yield longer-lasting and stronger effects, but more isn’t always better. It’s crucial to find your personal optimal dose by starting low and increasing gradually.
Individual metabolism
Your metabolism affects how CBD is processed. Some people metabolise CBD faster, while others retain it longer. Factors such as genetics, age, liver function and overall health play a role, so the CBD experience is highly individual.
Food and drug interactions
The effects of CBD can be altered by food and medications:
- High-fat foods may increase CBD absorption.
- Certain drugs may enhance or inhibit CBD metabolism, altering its effects.
Even though CBD is a natural substance, always consult a doctor if you’re taking medications.
Effects of different types of CBD
CBD products vary in formulation and cannabinoid content. The three main types are:
- CBD isolate: pure cannabidiol with no other compounds.
- Effect: ideal for those who want to avoid THC or are sensitive to other cannabinoids.
- Full-spectrum CBD: contains all the natural compounds of Cannabis Sativa, including trace (non-psychoactive) THC.
- Effect: triggers the “entourage effect”, enhancing anti-inflammatory, relaxing and analgesic benefits.
- Broad-spectrum CBD: similar to full-spectrum but with THC removed.
- Effect: offers entourage benefits without THC; suitable for sensitive users or drug-tested individuals.
How the administration method alters the effects of CBD
Effects of CBD oil
CBD oil is a concentrate from hemp plants combined with a carrier oil (olive, coconut, hemp seed). High-quality CBD oil is often extracted using supercritical CO₂ for purity.
- Sublingual use is preferred, because it has a faster onset (15–30 minutes) and longer duration (4–6 hours), and avoids digestion.
- When diluted in drinks (e.g. tea), CBD is partially broken down by the digestive system, reducing its effects.
Effects of CBD crystals
CBD crystals are pure cannabidiol in white, odourless granules, typically 99% pure.
- Extracted with CO₂, not solvents.
- Can be taken sublingually, for fast, strong effects.
- Can also be vaped or smoked, with a faster – but shorter – effect.
Effects of CBD tinctures
Often confused with CBD oil, tinctures are alcohol-based extracts.
- Made by soaking cannabis in high-proof alcohol, sometimes with the addition of herbs.
- Used sublingually like oil, but effects may be weaker.
- Can also be added to edibles to improve absorption.
Effects of CBD capsules
Soft-gel capsules filled with CBD oil:
- Provide a precise daily dose.
- Metabolised in the stomach and liver, with onset in 1–2 hours and duration of up to 8 hours.
- Ideal for those who want no flavour or vaping.
Effects of CBD topicals
CBD creams and gels are widely used for:
- Skin hydration and anti-inflammatory effects (e.g. for eczema, acne, psoriasis).
- Muscle pain, sports recovery and anti-ageing.
- Often combined with natural ingredients for targeted effects.
Topicals act locally and are great for sensitive skin or muscle/joint discomfort.
How to boost the effects of CBD
1. Sublingual administration
The most effective method. Like certain medications, CBD absorbed under the tongue enters the bloodstream quickly and efficiently.
- Place the recommended dose under the tongue.
- Hold it for 20–30 seconds without swallowing.
- Avoid eating or drinking for 30 minutes afterwards for maximum absorption.
2. Decarboxylation
Applies to raw cannabis flower, not oils or creams (already decarboxylated).
- Heat cannabis at 110°C for 30–40 minutes to activate cannabinoids.
- This turns CBDA into CBD and improves bioavailability.
This happens naturally when CBD is smoked, but pre-decarboxylation ensures better results. For quality CBD products (oils, creams, extracts), take a look at Eusphera Nutraceuticals, which has its own R&D department to ensure ongoing innovation and product quality.
FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about the effects of CBD
How long does the effect of CBD last?
2–3 hours (inhalation) and 6–8 hours (capsules/sublingual).
Does CBD cause a high?
No. CBD is not psychotropic and does not alter cognitive function or perception like THC.
Can CBD interact with medication?
Yes, especially with liver-metabolised drugs. Always consult a doctor.
What is the correct dose?
There’s no universal dose. It depends on weight, metabolism and the reason for taking it. Start low and increase gradually.
When should I take CBD?
At any time, but for sleep/relaxation, evenings are best. For pain/anxiety, it can be taken as needed throughout the day.
